Oregano Essential Oil Liposomes: Fabrication, Characterization & Antibacterial Transcriptomic Insights

 

1. Introduction

The growing threat of antimicrobial resistance has intensified the search for alternative, nature-based antibacterial solutions. Oregano essential oil is well known for its strong antimicrobial properties; however, its volatility and poor stability limit its clinical application. This research explores the encapsulation of oregano essential oil within liposomal nanocarriers to improve stability, enhance antibacterial performance, and enable sustained release, offering a promising approach for advanced antimicrobial therapies.

2. Fabrication of Oregano Essential Oil Liposomes

This topic focuses on the formulation strategies used to fabricate oregano essential oil–loaded liposomes, including lipid selection, encapsulation techniques, and process optimization. Emphasis is placed on achieving high encapsulation efficiency, nanoscale particle size, and formulation stability suitable for antibacterial applications.

3. Physicochemical Characterization of Liposomal Systems

Comprehensive characterization techniques such as particle size analysis, zeta potential measurement, morphology evaluation, and encapsulation efficiency assessment are discussed. These parameters are crucial for understanding liposome stability, release behavior, and biological interaction at the nanoscale level.

4. Sustained Release Behavior and Stability Analysis

This section examines the controlled and sustained release properties of oregano essential oil from liposomal carriers. Release kinetics, environmental stability, and prolonged antimicrobial availability are analyzed, demonstrating the advantages of liposomal delivery over free essential oil formulations.

5. Enhanced Antibacterial Activity Assessment

The antibacterial performance of oregano essential oil liposomes is evaluated against pathogenic bacterial strains. Results highlight improved efficacy due to enhanced cellular uptake, prolonged exposure, and synergistic interactions between liposomal membranes and bacterial cell walls.

6. Transcriptomic Insights into Antibacterial Mechanisms

Transcriptomic analysis reveals how liposomal oregano essential oil alters bacterial gene expression, disrupting metabolic pathways, stress response systems, and membrane integrity. This molecular-level understanding provides valuable insights into the mechanism of action and supports the development of next-generation antimicrobial nanotherapies.


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