Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride from Water Using Chara vulgaris Biomass | Kinetic & Thermodynamic Study

 

1. Introduction

Fluoride contamination in groundwater poses significant risks to human health, including dental and skeletal fluorosis. Developing cost-effective and environmentally sustainable removal techniques is therefore essential. This research introduces the application of Chara vulgaris biomass as a biosorbent for fluoride ion adsorption. By integrating kinetic and thermodynamic evaluations, the study provides a scientific foundation for understanding adsorption mechanisms, efficiency, and feasibility under different environmental conditions.

2. Characterization of Chara vulgaris Biomass as a Biosorbent

This topic focuses on the physicochemical properties of Chara vulgaris biomass that influence fluoride adsorption performance. Surface morphology, functional groups, porosity, and active binding sites are examined using analytical techniques. The findings explain how natural biomass structure enhances adsorption capacity and supports its application in low-cost water treatment systems.

3. Adsorption Kinetics and Reaction Mechanisms

Understanding adsorption kinetics is essential for predicting system performance. This research evaluates pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models to determine the rate-controlling steps of fluoride removal. The results identify whether chemisorption or physisorption dominates the adsorption process and provide insight into reaction mechanisms at the biomass surface.

4. Thermodynamic Assessment of Fluoride Adsorption

Thermodynamic parameters such as Gibbs free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy change (ΔH°), and entropy change (ΔS°) are analyzed to evaluate spontaneity and heat effects of the adsorption process. The study determines whether the fluoride adsorption onto Chara vulgaris biomass is endothermic or exothermic, offering deeper insight into temperature-dependent behavior.

5. Adsorption Isotherm Modeling and Capacity Analysis

This topic explores Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models to evaluate maximum adsorption capacity and surface interaction patterns. The analysis clarifies whether adsorption occurs as monolayer or multilayer coverage and assesses equilibrium conditions critical for designing scalable water treatment systems.

6. Environmental Implications and Sustainable Water Treatment Applications

The final topic discusses the broader environmental impact of using natural biomass for fluoride removal. The study emphasizes cost-effectiveness, local material availability, reduced chemical dependency, and potential integration into rural water treatment facilities. Future research directions include biomass modification, regeneration studies, and hybrid treatment technologies for enhanced removal efficiency.
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